Medical translation

Translation of medical texts (medical translation) is the translation from one language to another of specialized medical publications and texts of private character, the content of which is directly related to human health. The special position of this category of specialized translations is determined by the importance of any information to be translated, increased requirements to translation accuracy and confidentiality of private information, as well as pronounced heterogeneity of used terminology.

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Subject of translation of medical texts

Medical texts of any level are subject to translation: epicrises, protocols of diagnostic tests or operations performed, summaries of the results of laboratory tests, functional tests, information for patients and/or doctors, leaflets-interfaces to medicines (instructions for use), recommendations for treatment, as well as publications on the activities of medical institutions and scientific articles on various sections of medicine.
There are a total of 38 main sections of medicine (first order, e.g., surgery, gynaecology and obstetrics, pediatrics, urology, etc.).
The number of subdivisions, and even more so of specific specialized areas, cannot be accurately counted.

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Variety of "medical" language vocabulary on the example of German and Russian medical texts

Since the "medical" language is not just an integral part, but an extended modification of the main language, in addition to the rules of the general language charter, the translations of such texts are also subject to additional rules related to the specifics of medical terminology and traditional forms (symbols, expressions) adopted in a particular country.
The "medical" German and "medical" Russian languages are particularly diverse - both rich and juicy in the "household" variant, which absorbed nomenclatorial terminology (in simple words, "medical Latin"), English designations and anglicisms, as well as all forms of abbreviations used in all categories.

In addition, the Russified and numbered variants of designations, for example, anatomical terms borrowed from other languages, are firmly rooted. Thus, up to 12-15 (!) expressions can be used to denote one and the same anatomical structure.
In any case, it would be wrong to think that medical texts are "ordinary" vocabulary interspersed with "Latin" insertions.

Anatomical terms and International Anatomical Nomenclature

At present there are more than 8 thousand anatomical concepts (areas of the body, organs and their parts), for which medical professionals around the world use special terms of the International Anatomical Nomenclature (Nomina Anatomica).
The history of creation of universal anatomical terminology has its roots in the era of antiquity. The result of historical development was the parallel existence of different nomenclature notations of the same concept. Both the latest International Anatomical Terminology (Terminologia Anatomica, 1998) and the Basel Anatomical Nomenclature (BNA, 1895), the Jena Anatomical Nomenclature (JNA, 1935) and the Paris Anatomical Nomenclature (PNA, 1955) apply to human anatomy.
Predominant use of the modern variant of any term does not exclude, however, older names found in various sources.

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Most of the area is served by the Stanwood ZIP code 49346, although "Canadian Lakes, Michigan", is an acceptable name for mail delivery by the post office.
Small portions of the area defined by the CDP are served by other postal delivery areas. A small portion in the southern area of the CDP along the Little Muskegon River is served by the Lakeview ZIP code, 48850. A small area in the eastern part of the CDP is served by the Mecosta ZIP code, 49332

Each of these nomenclatures is based on the Latin language, using about 600 basic concepts of Latin (mostly) and Greek (about a third of all concepts) origin. The declination and word formation are subject to rules of "dead" Latin language being historically formed basis of creation and development of the anatomic nomenclature. However, considered invariable "medical Latin" has also fallen under the influence of a wide spread of anglicisms in the scientific world.

For example, there is a tendency to replace spelling "oe" and "ae" in nomenclature names with simple "e" (Oesophagus - Esophagus). The methods of formation of nomenclature terms, rules of their declination and abbreviation are described in detail in the works devoted to the International Anatomical Nomenclature and its application.

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